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The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, located superiorly and anteriorly in relation to the brainstem. Its large size is the result of a progressive centralization (telencephalization) of the ...

Published: Oct 18 2023

Blood transfusions reaction

Blood transfusions are one of the most common procedures for patients in the hospital. Transfusion reactions are the most frequent adverse event associated with administration of blood products. Any ...

Published: Oct 18 2023

The parasympathetic nervous systems

The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is one of the two functionally distinct and continuously active divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It is in opposition to the other, the sympathe...

Published: Oct 17 2023

The midbrain is the upper and shortest part of the brainstem. It is about 2.5 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. It connects the hindbrain with the forebrain. Its cavity, the cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylv...

Published: Oct 17 2023

The spinal cord

The spinal cord is the lower elongated part of the central nervous system (CNS). It is cylindrical in shape, slightly flattened anteroposteriorly and occupies the upper two-third of the vertebral cana...

Published: Oct 17 2023

Blood supply of brain

The brain is supplied by the paired internal carotid and vertebral arteries via an extensive system of branches. The two vertebral arteries unite at the lower border of the pons to form the basilar ar...

Published: Oct 17 2023

Thiopentone sodium

Thiopentone sodium It is an ultrashort acting thiobarbiturate, highly soluble in water yielding a very alkaline solution, which must be prepared freshly before injection. Extravasation of the solution...

Published: Oct 15 2023

Local anaesthetics

Local anaesthetics (LAs) are drugs which upon topical application or local injection cause reversible loss of sensory perception, especially of pain, in a restricted area of the body. They block gener...

Published: Oct 15 2023

Spina bifida is a type of neural tube defect that results from failure of neural tube closure during the first month in utero. The vertebral bodies develop from the mesoderm around the notochord. From...

Published: Oct 11 2023

Estrogen is a hormone that play a role in both the male and female reproductive systems. In females, it contributes to reproductive and breast health, among other functions. Estrogen is a sex hormo...

Published: Oct 11 2023

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